Annotations for the Replication Interaction
Maps
| A1 |
7F |
ORC, the Origin
Recognition Complex, is a complex of 6 subunits. ORC binds chromosomal
sites that are capable of initiating DNA replication. In yeast cells,
ORC recognizes Autonomous Replicating Sequences (ARS elements) (R1) in an ATP
dependent manner (R2). ORC
orthologues were found in other eukaryotes, including mammals (R3), but the DNA
sequence or structural requirements for mammalian ORC binding had not
been elucidated yet. In Drosophila, ORC binds the Chorion gene
replication origin, ACE3 (R4).
|
| A2 |
7F |
ORC1 associates
less tightly than other subunits in the formation of the ORC complex
(R5). In Xenopus,
it may leave the complex during S-phase (R6)(R7); similar
observations suggest that this also happens in mammals (R8)(R9).
|
| A3 |
6F |
ORC1 is
phosphorylated by Cyclin A and Cyclin B
complexes (R10)(R11). ORC1 is
ubiquitinated, and released from chromatin during S-phase (R95)
|
| A4 |
6-7E |
ORC2,3,4 form
a tight complex (R12)(R13). ORC2 and 3
may form a tighter complex that binds ORC4 (R17). The ORC
2,3,4 complex localizes to chromatin depending on E2F in Drosophila
(R4). The ORC2-4
complex is hyperphosphorylated on ORC2 at M phase (R14)(R15).
|
| A5 |
7E |
ORC5 forms a
complex with ORC 2-4 (R12)(R13)(R17). ORC5
directly interacts with cdc6 in yeast (R16).
|
| A6 |
7E |
ORC6 probably
binds only weakly to the other ORC subunits (R17). The
presence of ORC6 in the pre-replication complex depends on E2F, as E2F
mutants fail to include the ORC6 in the complex (R18).
|
| A7 |
7F |
Two complexes
of ORC subunits can bind DNA:ORC1-6 and ORC2-6. In mammalian cells,
ORC1 leaves chromatin after initiation of DNA replication. (see
interaction 2 for details).
|
| A8 |
7F |
ORC2
phosphorylation inhibits initiation of DNA replication (R14)(R15).
|
| A9 |
4E |
Cdc6 binds to
the ORC:DNA complex at the beginning of G1 and leaves the complex before
G1/S (R5). Cdc6 is
essential for DNA replication in Xenopus (R19). In S.
pombe, initiation of DNA replication depends on the presence of Cdc6
before the end of G1, but not after the activation of Cdks (R20). Cdc6
interacts directly with ORC (R21). In Xenopus,
it localizes near origins (R22).
|
| A10 |
3-4D |
Cdc6 is
phosphorylated primarily by Cyclin A:Cdk2 (R24)(R25) and
Cyclin E:Cdk2 (R26).
Phosphorylation localizes Cdc6 to the cytoplasm (R27)(R26)(R48); (R45) and probably
targets Cdc6 for ubiquitination (R28). Cdc6 binds
Cyclin E (R23).
Phosphorylated Cdc6 is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm,
preventing licensing during S-phase (R45).
|
| A11 |
4E |
Cdt1 is part of
the pre-replication complex (R29). Cdt binding
to Pre-RC is essential for loading MCMs to create the pre-replication
complex (R29).
|
| A12 |
4E |
Cdt1 binding to
the ORC complex requires prior binding of Cdc6 to the complex(R29).
|
| A13 |
4D |
Geminin binds
Cdt1 (R30) and degrades
it to prevent loading of MCMs to chromatin (R31).
|
| A14 |
1E-2G |
The MCM
complex, a helicase, is known as a part of the "licensing" complex
(R32). Binding of
the MCM complex to the ORC complex on chromatin constitutes the
pre-replication complex, which confers competence for initiation of DNA
replication. MCMs associate with origin-specific DNA prior to initiation
of DNA replication; after replication the association becomes
non-specific (R33)(R34). In yeast,
MCM-chromatin association depends on Cdc6 (R35)(R36).
|
| A15 |
1-2F |
MCM4,6,7, are
tightly bound to each other (R44), loosely
bound to the other MCM proteins. This complex exhibits helicase
activity (Not shown) (R45).
|
| A16 |
1F |
MCM4 is
phosphorylated by Cyclin B:Cdk1 in Xenopus (R46); and humans
(R47) (no clear
evidence for the kinase identity in human cells, but the same
phosphorylation sites as in Xenopus imply that the kinases are the
same). Some phosphorylation activity was observed with Cyclin A:Cdk1
(R87).
|
| A17 |
2F |
Phosphorylation
of MCM4 reduces the affinity of the MCM complex to chromatin and
reduces the helicase activity of the MCM complex (R46).
|
| A18 |
2G |
MCM3 forms a
tight complex with MCM5 (R41)(R42). MCM3/5 form
a looser complex with the other MCM proteins (R43).
|
| A19 |
2F |
MCM2 loosely
associated with the MCM4, 6,7, complex (R43).
|
| A20 |
1E |
MCM2 is a
target of phosphorylation by a kinase family that includes cdc7 in yeast
and hsk1 in humans (R37)(R38)(R39)(R40)(R26).
Phosphorylation facilitates binding of MCM2 to other MCM subunits (see
interaction 21).
|
| A21 |
1E-F |
MCM2
phosphorylation by cdc7 type kinases (Cdc7:Dbf4 in yeast, hsk/dpf4 in
humans) facilitates binding of MCM2 to other MCM subunits and initiation
of DNA replication (R37).
|
| A22 |
2D-3E |
MCM10
associates with MCM2-7 and chromatin in humans (R75). MCM10 is
required for assembly of the pre-replication complex in S.
cerevisiae (R79) Xenopus (R99)(R100) and human
cells. Binding of MCM10 to chromatin seems to occur throughout the
cell cycle (R103)(R104).
|
| A23 |
4F-G |
Cdc45
incorporates into the pre-replication complex (R50) and is
essential for initiation of DNA replication in yeast. Cdc45
co-immunoprecipitates with MCMs (R51). In yeast,
Cdc45 interacts with MCMs (R52) and ORC2
(R50)(R33) and its
association with DNA depends on Cdc6 and MCM (R50)(R33). Cdc45
binding to chromatin, but not Cdc45 transcription, requires an active
E2F in Drosophila (R97). Chromatin
binding is inhibited by the DNA damage checkpoint (R94).
|
| A24 |
3-4G |
Binding of
Cdc45 to the ORC:MCM complex on chromatin necessitates two kinase
complexes: S-phase Cyclin:Cdk, especially Cyclin E:Cdk2, and homologs of
yeast Cdc7:Dbf4 (DDK - hsk1 in humans). The yeast homologue of
Cylin E:Cdk2 was shown to be required for Cdc45 binding to chromatin
in yeast (R50);
Cdc7:Dbf4 was shown to be also necessary (R101)(R102).
Cdc7:Dbf4 was shown directly to phosphorylate Cdc45.
|
| A25 |
1A |
Double stranded
breaks inhibit the addition of Cdc45 to the pre-initiation complex
(ORC:MCM:Cdc7) in Xenopus extracts. This inhibition depends on the
activity of the ATM kinase (R94). ATM
dependent activation of MreI:nbs:Rad50 complex can also inhibit
progression through S-phase, but this activation does not inhibit
binding of Cdc45 to chromatin (R98).
|
| A26 |
5-6G |
Cdc45
immunoprecipitates with origin DNA before initiation, but binds
non-specifically to DNA after initiation of DNA replication (R33). Cdc45
interacts with DNA polymerase alpha (R53) and hsCdc45
associates with ORC2 (R5).
|
| A27 |
4F-G |
MCM10
binds to the chromatin-bound MCM complex and this binding
is essential for recruitment of Cdc45 to the pre-initiation complex
(R104).
|
| A28 |
5A-7B |
Cyclin
dependent kinases can phosphorylate various components of the licensing
and initiation pathways as a complex with their appropriate cyclin
partners.Cyclins are synthesized at specific times during the cell
cycle and regulate kinase activities. These interactions are inhibited
by phosphorylation of the kinases, which can be relieved by phosphatases
of the Cdc25 family (see interaction 43) or by small molecule inhibitors such as
p21. (see interactions 29, 30, 33).
|
| A29 |
6A |
Cdk2 can bind
either Cyclin A or Cyclin E. For details on activation of Cdk2 (R76).
|
| A30 |
6B |
Cdc2 (Cdk1), in
association with either Cyclin B or Cyclin A, phosphorylates ORC2.
Phosphorylation inhibits initiation of DNA replication. Cyclin B:Cdc2
phosphorylates ORC in vitro; probably prevents replication during
mitosis (R49). In S.
pombe, ORC2 is phosphorylated by Cdc2 (R77) and
phosphorylation helps prevent reinitiation (R78). Cyclin
A:Cdc2 binds ORC and phosphorylates ORC2p in Xenopus (R83).
|
| A31
|
4-5C |
Cyclin B:Cdk1
complexes are mitotic complexes. These kinase complexes
phosphorylate MCM4, an inhibitory phosphorylation which
reduces binding of the MCM complex to chromatin (R46).
|
| A32
|
6D |
Cyclin B1:Cdk1 phosphorylates
ORC1 and ORC2 during mitosis (R10)(R11)(R49).
|
| A33 |
6D-7C |
The
transcription factor p53 facilitates the synthesis of various molecules
involved in cellular response to genotoxic conditions. Among others, it
facilitates transcription of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor
p21, gadd45, and molecules involved in apoptosis. For details, see
(R76).
|
| A34 |
6B-7C |
During
interphase, the activity of the Cyclin B:Cdk1 complex is inhibited by
the phosphorylation of Cdk1 on Thr 14 and 15 by Wee1 (R92).
|
| A35 |
3G |
Cdk2, in
combination with its cyclin partners, phosphorylates CDC45 and
facilitates its binding to licensed DNA in concert with another
phosphorylation mediated by hsk1/dpf4 (R101).
|
| A36 |
4D |
Cdk2, in
combination with its cyclin partners, phosphorylates Cdc6 and targets it
for transport to the cytoplasm and degradation (R24)(R25)(R26)(R45).
|
| A37 |
6E |
Cyclin A:Cdk2
phosphorylates ORC1 (R80).
|
| A38 |
4A |
Inhibition of
DNA replication by the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, or by
UV irradiation activates the ATR - dependent pathway of the S-phase
checkpoint (R88).
|
| A39 |
3A-B |
CHK2 is
phosphorylated after replication arrest by ATR, the homologue of yeast
Rad3/Mec1 (R61)(R62)(R63). Rad3/Mec2
is required for phosphorylation of cds1 and phosphorylates cds1 in
vitro (R69). In yeast,
cds1 is involved in the mitosis checkpoint: regulates phosphorylation
of CDKs, Cyclin B:Cdk1 through Wee and Mik (R64)(R65)(R66).
|
| A40 |
4B |
Phosphorylation
of Wee1 by CHK1 on Ser549 enhances its ability to bind 14-3-3 proteins
during interphase (not shown) and increases kinase activity of Wee1
(R93). Kinase
activity during interphase guards against premature activation of the
mitotic Cyclin:Cdk complexes (e.g. Cyclin B:Cdk1) and prevents mitotic
entry as a part of the G2/M checkpoint. For more details on Wee1
interactions see (R76).
|
| A41 |
3B-C |
CHK1
phosphorylates Cdc25A in response to DNA damage (R72)(R67).
|
| A42 |
3C |
Phosphorylation
of Cdc25A leads to its exclusion from the nucleus in yeast (R70)(R72). The
phosphorylated protein cannot activate the mitotic Cyclin B:Cdk1
complex (R73)(R74).
|
| A43 |
7C |
Cdc25A
phosphatase activity is required for activation of Cdks
(R90)(R91).
CHK2 mediated phosphorylation following irradiation and activation by ATM
leads to degradation of Cdc25A (R89).
|
| A44 |
2A |
Double strand
DNA breaks trigger the signal transduction cascade, whose first step is
phosphorylation by the ATM kinase.These phosphorylation steps lead to
inhibition of further initiation of DNA replication on licensed DNA by
inhibiting the hsk1/dpf4 and the cyclin dependent kinases (see interactions 47-49),
and may trigger apoptosis through the p53-mediated pathway (see interaction 50).
There is also some evidence that ATM may directly inhibit binding of
Cdc45 to licensed chromatin (see interaction 45).
|
| A45 |
2A |
ATM may
directly inhibit binding of Cdc45 to licensed chromatin through a
pathway that does not involve the inhibition Cdc25A to disallow cyclin
dependent kinase activity (R89).
|
| A46 |
2B |
ATM
phosphorylates p53 in response to DNA damage (R85)(R86). This
phosphorylation may led to p53-mediated apoptosis. For details see
(R76).
|
| A47 |
1B |
HScds1/CHK2 is
phosphorylated after irradiation and formation of DNA strand breaks, but
not after treatment with the drug hydroxyurea (R71)(R58).
|
| A48 |
2B |
CHK2
phosphorylates Cdc25A after DNA damage (R67)(R68)(R72)(R67).
|
| A49 |
1-2C |
Hsk1/dpf4 is
the human orthologue of yeast Cdc7:Dbf4. Cdc7:Dbf4 is required for onset
of replication in yeast and for prevention of reassembly of
pre-replication complex on origins (R54)(R55)(R56)(R57). Dbf4 is the
regulatory protein; its expression levels regulate cdc7 activity
(R58). The dbf4
mouse homologue interacts with MCM2 (R59).
|
A50
|
1E-2E
|
Hsk1:dfp1 phosphorylates MCM2 (R38) and
Cdc45 (R50).
|
A51
|
1D
|
Binding of MCM10 to dfp1
facilitates kinase activity of hsk1 (R104).
|
A52
|
2C
|
Activation of the S-phase
checkpoint in Xenopus inhibits hhsk1:dfp1 kinase activity through a
mechanism which requires ATR (R105).
|
A53
|
1-2C |
Auto-phosphorylation of hsk1
inhibits the activity of the hsk1:dfp1 complex (R103).
|
A54
|
1D
|
MCM10 is phosphorylated in G2/M,
and this phosphorylation leads to its degradation (R103).
|
A55
|
6C
|
DNA damage or potential
genotoxic conditions trigger the signal transduction cascade mediated
by the transcription factor p53. For details, see reference (R76). |
Literature Cited in Annotations:
| R1. |
Bell, S. P. and Stillman, B.(1992) Nature, 357(6374), 128-34.
[PubMed] |
| R2. |
Klemm, R. D., Austin, R. J. and Bell, S. P. (1997) Cell,
88(4), 493-502.
[PubMed] |
| R3. |
Gavin, K. A., Hidaka, M. and Stillman, B. (1995) Science,
270(5242), 1667-71.
[PubMed] |
| R4. |
Austin, R. J., Orr-Weaver, T. L. and Bell, S. P. (1999) Genes
Dev, 13(20), 2639-49.
[PubMed] |
| R5. |
Saha, P., Chen, J., Thome, K. C., Lawlis, S. J., Hou, Z. H.,
Hendricks, M., Parvin, J. D. and Dutta, A. (1998) Mol Cell Biol, 18(5),
2758-67.
[PubMed] |
| R6. |
Rowles, A., Chong, J. P., Brown, L., Howell, M., Evan, G. I.
and Blow, J. J. (1996) Cell, 87(2), 287-96.
[PubMed] |
| R7. |
Natale, D. A., Li, C. J., Sun, W. H. and DePamphilis, M. L.
(2000) Embo J, 19(11), 2728-38.
[PubMed] |
| R8. |
Kreitz, S., Ritzi, M., Baack, M. and Knippers, R. (2001) J
Biol Chem, 276(9), 6337-42.
[PubMed] |
| R9. |
Mendez, J. and Stillman, B. (2000) Mol Cell Biol, 20(22),
8602-12.
[PubMed] |
| R10. |
Ohtani, K., DeGregori, J., Leone, G., Herendeen, D. R.,
Kelly, T. J. and Nevins, J. R. (1996) Mol Cell Biol, 16(12), 6977-84.
[PubMed] |
| R11. |
Wolf, D. A., Wu, D. and McKeon, F. (1996) J Biol Chem,
271(51), 32503-6.
[PubMed] |
| R12. |
Ishiai, M., Dean, F. B., Okumura, K., Abe, M., Moon, K. Y.,
Amin, A. A., Kagotani, K., Taguchi, H., Murakami, Y., Hanaoka, F.,
O'Donnell, M., Hurwitz, J. and Eki, T. (1997) Genomics, 46(2), 294-8.
[PubMed] |
| R13. |
Quintana, D. G., Hou, Z., Thome, K. C., Hendricks, M., Saha,
P. and Dutta, A. (1997) J Biol Chem, 272(45), 28247-51.
[PubMed] |
| R14. |
Carpenter, P. B., Mueller, P. R. and Dunphy, W. G. (1996)
Nature, 379(6563), 357-60.
[PubMed] |
| R15. |
Carpenter, P. B. and Dunphy, W. G. (1998) J Biol Chem,
273(38), 24891-7.
[PubMed] |
| R16. |
Liang, C., Weinreich, M. and Stillman, B. (1995) Cell, 81(5),
667-76.
[PubMed] |
| R17. |
Vashee, S., Simancek, P., Challberg, M. D. and Kelly, T. J.
(2001) J Biol Chem, 276(28), 26666-73.
[PubMed] |
| R18. |
Hateboer, G., Wobst, A., Petersen, B. O., Le Cam, L., Vigo,
E., Sardet, C. and Helin, K. (1998) Mol Cell Biol, 18(11), 6679-97.
[PubMed] |
| R19. |
Williams, R. S., Shohet, R. V. and Stillman, B. (1997) Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94(1), 142-7.
[PubMed] |
| R20. |
Coleman, T. R., Carpenter, P. B. and Dunphy, W. G. (1996)
Cell, 87(1), 53-63.
[PubMed] |
| R21. |
Bell, S. P., Kobayashi, R. and Stillman, B. (1993) Science,
262(5141), 1844-9.
[PubMed] |
| R22. |
Romanowski, P., Madine, M. A., Rowles, A., Blow, J. J. and
Laskey, R. A. (1996) Curr Biol, 6(11), 1416-25.
[PubMed] |
| R23. |
Petersen, B. O., Lukas, J., Sorensen, C. S., Bartek, J. and
Helin, K. (1999) Embo J, 18(2), 396-410.
[PubMed] |
| R24. |
Brown, G. W., Jallepalli, P. V., Huneycutt, B. J. and Kelly,
T. J. (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94(12), 6142-7.
[PubMed] |
| R25. |
Lopez-Girona, A., Mondesert, O., Leatherwood, J. and Russell,
P. (1998) Mol Biol Cell, 9(1), 63-73.
[PubMed] |
| R26. |
Jiang, W., Wells, N. J. and Hunter, T. (1999) Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A, 96(11), 6193-8.
[PubMed] |
| R27 |
Jallepalli, P. V., Tien, D. and Kelly, T. J. (1998) Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95(14), 8159-64.
[PubMed] |
| R28. |
Jallepalli, P. V. and Kelly, T. J. (1996) Genes Dev, 10(5),
541-52.
[PubMed] |
| R29. |
Maiorano, D., Moreau, J. and Mechali, M. (2000) Nature,
404(6778), 622-5.
[PubMed] |
| R30. |
Wohlschlegel, J. A., Dwyer, B. T., Dhar, S. K., Cvetic, C.,
Walter, J. C. and Dutta, A. (2000) Science, 290(5500), 2309-12.
[PubMed] |
| R31. |
McGarry, T. J. and Kirschner, M. W. (1998) Cell, 93(6),
1043-53.
[PubMed] |
| R32. |
Maine, G. T., Sinha, P. and z, B. K. (1984) Genetics, 106(3),
365-85.
[PubMed] |
| R33. |
Aparicio, O. M., Weinstein, D. M. and Bell, S. P. (1997)
Cell, 91(1), 59-69.
[PubMed] |
| R34. |
Tanaka, T., Knapp, D. and Nasmyth, K. (1997) Cell, 90(4),
649-60.
[PubMed] |
| R35. |
Donovan, S., Harwood, J., Drury, L. S. and Diffley, J. F.
(1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94(11), 5611-6.
[PubMed] |
| R36. |
Ogawa, Y., Takahashi, T. and Masukata, H. (1999) Mol Cell
Biol, 19(10), 7228-36.
[PubMed] |
| R37. |
Masai, H., Matsui, E., You, Z., Ishimi, Y., Tamai, K. and Arai, K.(2000). J
Biol Chem, 275, 29042-52.
[PubMed] |
| R38. |
Lei, M., Kawasaki, Y., Young, M. R., Kihara, M., Sugino, A.
and Tye, B. K. (1997) Genes Dev, 11(24), 3365-74.
[PubMed] |
| R39. |
Oshiro, G., Owens, J. C., Shellman, Y., Sclafani, R. A. and
Li, J. J. (1999) Mol Cell Biol, 19(7), 4888-96.
[PubMed] |
| R40. |
Weinreich, M., Liang, C. and Stillman, B. (1999) Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A, 96(2), 441-6.
[PubMed] |
| R41. |
Kimura, H., Takizawa, N., Nozaki, N. and Sugimoto, K. (1995)
Nucleic Acids Res, 23(12), 2097-104.
[PubMed] |
| R42. |
Schulte, D., Richter, A., Burkhart, R., Musahl, C. and
Knippers, R. (1996) Eur J Biochem, 235(1-2), 144-51.
[PubMed] |
| R43. |
Sherman, D. A., Pasion, S. G. and Forsburg, S. L. (1998) Mol
Biol Cell, 9(7), 1833-45.
[PubMed] |
| R44. |
Musahl, C., Schulte, D., Burkhart, R. and Knippers, R.(1995).
Eur J Biochem, 230, 1096-101.
[PubMed] |
| R45. |
Ishimi, Y., Ichinose, S., Omori, A., Sato, K. and Kimura, H.
(1996) J Biol Chem, 271(39), 24115-22.
[PubMed] |
| R46. |
Hendrickson, M., Madine, M., Dalton, S. and Gautier, J.
(1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93(22), 12223-8.
[PubMed] |
| R47. |
Todorov, I. T., Attaran, A. and Kearsey, S. E. (1995) J Cell
Biol, 129(6), 1433-45.
[PubMed] |
| R48. |
Delmolino, L. M., Saha, P. and Dutta, A. (2001) J Biol Chem,
276, 26947-54.
[PubMed] |
| R49. |
Kelly, T. J. and Brown, G. W. (2000) Annu Rev Biochem, 69,
829-80.
[PubMed] |
| R50. |
Zou, L. and Stillman, B. (1998) Science, 280(5363), 593-6.
[PubMed] |
| R51. |
Hopwood, B. and Dalton, S. (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
93(22), 12309-14.
[PubMed] |
| R52. |
Hennessy, K. M., Lee, A., Chen, E. and Botstein, D. (1991)
Genes Dev, 5(6), 958-69.
[PubMed] |
| R53. |
Mimura, S. and Takisawa, H. (1998) Embo J, 17(19), 5699-707.
[PubMed] |
| R54. |
Bousset, K. and Diffley, J. F. (1998) Genes Dev, 12(4),
480-90.
[PubMed] |
| R55. |
Schwob, E., Bohm, T., Mendenhall, M. D. and Nasmyth, K.
(1994) Cell, 79(2), 233-244.
[PubMed] |
| R56. |
Dahmann, C., Diffley, J. F. and Nasmyth, K. A. (1995) Curr
Biol, 5(11), 1257-69.
[PubMed] |
| R57. |
Piatti, P. M., Monti, L. D., Valsecchi, G., Conti, M.,
Nasser, R., Guazzini, B., Fochesato, E., Phan, C. V., Pontiroli, A. E.
and Pozza, G. (1996) Circulation, 94(11), 2703-7.
[PubMed] |
| R58. |
Brown, A. L., Lee, C. H., Schwarz, J. K., Mitiku, N.,
Piwnica-Worms, H. and Chung, J. H. (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
96(7), 3745-50.
[PubMed] |
| R59. |
Lepke, M., Putter, V., Staib, C., Kneissl, M., Berger, C.,
Hoehn, K., Nanda, I., Schmid, M. and Grummt, F. (1999) Mol Gen Genet,
262(2), 220-9.
[PubMed] |
| R60. |
Cheng, L., Collyer, T. and Hardy, C. F. (1999) Mol Cell Biol,
19(6), 4270-8.
[PubMed] |
| R61. |
Boddy, M. N., Furnari, B., Mondesert, O. and Russell, P.
(1998) Science, 280(5365), 909-12.
[PubMed] |
| R62. |
Sun, Z., Fay, D. S., Marini, F., Foiani, M. and Stern, D. F.
(1996) Genes Dev, 10(4), 395-406.
[PubMed] |
| R63. |
Lindsay, H. D., Griffiths, D. J., Edwards, R. J.,
Christensen, P. U., Murray, J. M., Osman, F., Walworth, N. and Carr, A.
M. (1998) Genes Dev, 12(3), 382-95.
[PubMed] |
| R64. |
Enoch, T. and Nurse, P. (1990) Cell, 60(4), 665-73.
[PubMed] |
| R65. |
Rhind, N. and Russell, P. (1998) Genetics, 149(4), 1729-37.
[PubMed] |
| R66. |
Lundgren, K., Walworth, N., Booher, R., Dembski, M.,
Kirschner, M. and Beach, D. (1991) Cell, 64(6), 1111-22.
[PubMed] |
| R67. |
Furnari, B., Blasina, A., Boddy, M. N., McGowan, C. H. and
Russell, P. (1999) Mol Biol Cell, 10(4), 833-45.
[PubMed] |
| R68. |
Ford, J. C., al-Khodairy, F., Fotou, E., Sheldrick, K. S.,
Griffiths, D. J. and Carr, A. M. (1994) Science, 265(5171), 533-5.
[PubMed] |
| R69. |
Martinho, R. G., Lindsay, H. D., Flaggs, G., DeMaggio, A. J.,
Hoekstra, M. F., Carr, A. M. and Bentley, N. J. (1998) Embo J, 17(24),
7239-49.
[PubMed] |
| R70. |
Zeng, Y., Forbes, K. C., Wu, Z., Moreno, S., Piwnica-Worms,
H. and Enoch, T. (1998) Nature, 395(6701), 507-10.
[PubMed] |
| R71. |
Matsuoka, S., Huang, M. and Elledge, S. J. (1998) Science,
282(5395), 1893-7.
[PubMed] |
| R72. |
Peng, C. Y., Graves, P. R., Thoma, R. S., Wu, Z., Shaw, A. S.
and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1997) Science, 277(5331), 1501-5.
[PubMed] |
| R73. |
Lopez-Girona, A., Furnari, B., Mondesert, O. and Russell, P.
(1999) Nature, 397(6715), 172-5.
[PubMed] |
| R74. |
Zeng, Y. and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1999) Mol Cell Biol, 19(11), 7410-9.
[PubMed] |
| R75. |
Izumi, M., Yanagi, K., Mizuno, T., Yokoi, M., Kawasaki, Y.,
Moon, K. Y., Hurwitz, J., Yatagai, F. and Hanaoka, F. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res,
28, 4769-77.
[PubMed] |
| R76. |
http://discover.nci.nih.gov/kohnk/interaction_maps.html |
| R77. |
Lygerou, Z. and Nurse, P.(1999) J Cell Sci, 112, 3703-12.
[PubMed] |
| R78. |
Vas, A., Mok, W. and Leatherwood, J. (2001) Mol Cell Biol, 21, 5767-77.
[PubMed] |
| R79. |
Homesley, L., Lei, M., Kawasaki, Y., Sawyer, S., Christensen, T. and Tye,
B. K. (2000) Genes Dev, 14, 913-26.
[PubMed] |
| R80. |
Findeisen, M., El-Denary, M., Kapitza, T., Graf, R. and Strausfeld, U.
(1999) Eur J Biochem, 264, 415-26.
[PubMed] |
| R81. |
Tatsumi, Y., Tsurimoto, T., Shirahige, K., Yoshikawa, H. and Obuse, C.
(2000) J Biol Chem, 275, 5904-10.
[PubMed] |
| R82. |
Thome, K. C., Dhar, S. K., Quintana, D. G., Delmolino, L., Shahsafaei, A. and
Dutta, A. (2000) J Biol Chem, 275, 35233-41.
[PubMed] |
| R83. |
Romanowski, P., Marr, J., Madine, M. A., Rowles, A., Blow, J. J., Gautier,
J. and Laskey, R. A. (2000) J Biol Chem, 275, 4239-43.
[PubMed] |
| R84. |
Strausfeld, U. P., Howell, M., Rempel, R., Maller, J. L., Hunt, T. and Blow,
J. J. (1994) Curr Biol, 4, 876-83.
[PubMed] |
| R85. |
Banin, S., Moyal, L., Shieh, S., Taya, Y., Anderson, C. W.,
Chessa, L., Smorodinsky, N. I., Prives, C., Reiss, Y., Shiloh, Y., and
Ziv, Y. (1998) Science, 281, 1674-1677.
[PubMed] |
| R86. |
Tibbetts, R. S., Brumbaugh, K. M., Williams, J. M., Sarkaria,
J. N., Cliby, W. A., Shieh, S. Y., Taya, Y., Prives, C., and Abraham, R.
T. (1999) Genes Dev, 13, 152-157.
[PubMed] |
| R87. |
Ishimi, Y., Komamura-Kohno, Y., You, Z., Omori, A. and Kitagawa,
M.(2000) J Biol Chem, 275, 16235-41.
[PubMed] |
| R88. |
Guo, Z., Kumagai, A., Wang, S. X. and Dunphy, W. G. (2000) Genes Dev,
14, 2745-56.
[PubMed] |
| R89. |
Falck, J., Mailand, N., Syljuasen, R. G., Bartek, J. and Lukas, J. (2001)
Nature, 410, 842-7.
[PubMed] |
| R90. |
Hoffmann, I., Draetta, G. and Karsenti, E. (1994) EMBO J, 13,
4302-10.
[PubMed] |
| R91. |
Jinno, S., Suto, K., Nagata, A., Igarashi, M., Kanaoka, Y., Nojima, H. and
Okayama, H.(1994) EMBO J, 13, 1549-56.
[PubMed] |
| R92. |
Parker, L. L. and Piwnica-Worms, H. (1992) Science, 257, 1955-7.
[PubMed] |
| R93. |
Lee, J., Kumagai, A., Dunphy, W. G.(2001) Mol Biol Cell, 12, 551-63.
[PubMed] |
| R94. |
Costanzo, V., Robertson, K., Ying, C. Y., Kim, E., Avvedimento, E.,
Gottesman, M., Grieco, D. and Gautier, J. (2000) Mol Cell, 6, 649-59.
[PubMed] |
| R95. |
Li, C. J. and DePamphilis, M. L. (2002) Mol Cell Biol, 22, 105-16.
[PubMed] |
| R96. |
Wohlschlegel, J. A., Dhar, S. K., Prokhorova, T. A., Dutta, A. and Walter, J. C.
(2002) Mol Cell, 9, 233-40.
[PubMed] |
| R97. |
Arata, Y., Fujita, M., Ohtani, K., Kijima, S. and Kato, J.Y. (2000) J
Biol Chem, 275, 6337-45.
[PubMed] |
| R98. |
Falck, J., Petrini, J. H., Williams, B. R., Lukas, J. and Bartek, J. (2002)
Nat Genet, 30, 290 - 294.
[PubMed] |
| R99. |
Walter, J.C. (2000) J Biol Chem, 275, 39773-8.
[PubMed] |
| R100. |
Jares, P. and Blow, J. J. (2000) Genes Dev, 14, 1528-40.
[PubMed] |
| R101. |
Nougarede, R., Della Seta, F., Zarzov, P. and Schwob, E. (2000) Mol
Cell Biol, 20, 3795-806.
[PubMed] |
| R102. |
Zou, L. and Stillman, B.(2000) Mol Cell Biol, 20, 3086-96.
[PubMed] |
R103.
|
Izumi, M., Yatagai, F. and Hanaoka, F.
(2001) J Biol Chem, 276, 48526-31.
[PubMed]
|
R104.
|
Lee, J. K., Seo, Y. S. and Hurwitz, J.
(2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 2334-9.
[PubMed]
|
R105.
|
Costanzo, V., Shechter, D., Lupardus,
P. J., Cimprich, K. A., Gottesman, M. and Gautier, J. (2003) Mol Cell,
11, 203-13.
[PubMed]
|
|